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Regarding the relationship of city and landscape, two main positions of planning have to be distinguished: at the one side, landscape is seen as a separating element of city and suburbia. According to this view, Greenbelts are des...
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Regarding the relationship of city and landscape, two main positions of planning have to be distinguished: at the one side, landscape is seen as a separating element of city and suburbia. According to this view, Greenbelts are designed to protect a compact urban form. At the other side, landscape is seen as a connecting element in city regions, integrating them to regional cities. According to this view, landscape is seen as a Green middle. This article presents two contrasting case studies of planning approaches in European city regions, which represent a reversed relationship of city and landscape: the Regional Parks Berlin-Brandenburg, forming a Greenbelt around the German capital and the Green Heart as a Middle of the Dutch Randstad. In comparing both cases, the conclusion is drawn, that a negative definition of landscape form, which is derived as an urban containment, can hardly be successful to protect open spaces in growing city regions. Instead landscape has to have a positive definition, basing on the uses and perception by people.
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The article examines the development of city regions with a three-dimensional approach: the city region as concept, object, and practice. The authors base the conceptual, top-down approach on theoretical perspectives from economic...
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The article examines the development of city regions with a three-dimensional approach: the city region as concept, object, and practice. The authors base the conceptual, top-down approach on theoretical perspectives from economics, institutionalism, and planning. The understanding of the city region as an object refers both to its territory and its materiality, i.e. population, infrastructure, and landscape. A bottom-up and practice-generated understanding of city-regional development is based on populations' practising of city regions through everyday mobility, i.e. commuting and shopping, and on the institutional practices related to the spatial organization and responsibility of political bodies, businesses, and civil society organizations. These dimensions and the relations between them are generated and illustrated by an empirical investigation of the emergence of small city regions in Norway. The analysis shows that whereas the economic rationale provides one argument for institutional practices in establishing, naming, and planning city regions in Norway, the common practices of populations do not always coincide.
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During the transition towards a more market-oriented economy and entrepreneurial governance, local authorities have attempted to create new cross-jurisdiction regional entities to enhance their competitiveness through making city-...
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During the transition towards a more market-oriented economy and entrepreneurial governance, local authorities have attempted to create new cross-jurisdiction regional entities to enhance their competitiveness through making city-region plans or regional strategic plans in China. This article analyses the process of region building in China through a case study of Nanjing city-region. We argue that region building is a state-led regional project in China, not a spontaneous process. City-region planning has played a legitimacy-seeking role in the construction of new regions. Based on the discourse provided by the city-region plan, associated city networks are being created as a mechanism for plan implementation and regional coordination. This signals that regional planning is entering the stage of regional institution building. By assessing the capacity of regional institutions, we argue that the newly-emerged regional institutions or urban networks have facilitated regionalization in terms of the increasing involvement of non-state actors, the formation of regional coherence and identity and the enhanced inter-city co-operation. However, it is still difficult to establish effective regional governance due to competing local governments, the arbitrary political leadership and the fragmented planning functions.
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This paper answers a series of questions about the performance, policies and prospects of UK cities in a comparative context, based upon a range of studies the author has undertaken during the past three decades. It charts the ren...
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This paper answers a series of questions about the performance, policies and prospects of UK cities in a comparative context, based upon a range of studies the author has undertaken during the past three decades. It charts the renaissance of city regions as the drivers of national economies. It explores the aims and purposes of city region policy, identifies the drivers of city regional success and reviews the evidence about the performance of capital and second-tier cities across Europe and some messages for the UK. The paper reflects upon the specific experience of Liverpool city region as an exemplar of urban decline and renaissance. Finally, it identifies some wider policy messages for UK government in the light of its focus upon devolution, city regions, elected city regional Mayors and the Northern Powerhouse.
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Between 2004 and 2010 local area agreements (LAAs) represented a key part of the New Labour Government's agenda for local government in England, which centred on increasing the level of involvement that local areas had in the issu...
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Between 2004 and 2010 local area agreements (LAAs) represented a key part of the New Labour Government's agenda for local government in England, which centred on increasing the level of involvement that local areas had in the issues affecting them. To deliver this agenda, New Labour deployed government offices for the regions (GOR) to negotiate with localities on behalf of central government. As part of a broader consideration of the role of regional governance structures in delivering local public services, this paper draws upon the results of a national survey of LAA practitioners in England, and findings from more detailed case study work, to consider the role of GOR in the LAA process. These findings examine the role GOR played in negotiating LAA targets and the extent to which these negotiations allowed local areas to respond to local issues and priorities. Then, by considering local enterprise partnerships and the recently established combined authorities, the paper will consider how localism policy under the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition government, who came to power in 2010, has responded to the lessons of the LAA. In doing so, the paper seeks to fit into the wider discussion about how local public services can be delivered effectively and draw out the challenges faced by those trying to link local and central policy together.
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As metropolitan regions continue to fuse into giant megalopolises, nations are confronted with new challenges for governing large metropolitan regions. This monograph addresses three main themes in the burgeoning study of global c...
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As metropolitan regions continue to fuse into giant megalopolises, nations are confronted with new challenges for governing large metropolitan regions. This monograph addresses three main themes in the burgeoning study of global cities and regional governance in a comparative context. First, what is the importance of city regionalism in the world economy and how are they formed? Second, what is the politics of city regionalism and what political-administrative forms can it take? Third, are these processes the same in China and the West?
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This paper contributes to ongoing discussions about international urban entrepreneurialism, place marketing efforts, and city/state relations through an empirical analysis of a controversial state-sponsored prestige project, Galic...
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This paper contributes to ongoing discussions about international urban entrepreneurialism, place marketing efforts, and city/state relations through an empirical analysis of a controversial state-sponsored prestige project, Galicia's City of Culture' museum. The protracted intra-regional debate surrounding the construction of the museum is informative in that it offers a scenario in which two rival cities are competing with each other within the same state. The story of their conflict adds a new and complicating dimension to the discussion by highlighting how city identity may intersect with national identity in relation to the politics of the state. The results show how the actual politics of city/state relations can be one of contestation between a range of political interests that extend beyond a simple, bipolar city/state relationship.
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Abstract The development and expansion of 20th-century urbanization have led to large-scale populated regions that did not exist prior to this era. City-region is a kind of 20-century large-scale concept recognized as the most adv...
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Abstract The development and expansion of 20th-century urbanization have led to large-scale populated regions that did not exist prior to this era. City-region is a kind of 20-century large-scale concept recognized as the most advanced stage of urban development. Regardless of its long history, the concept of city-region does not enjoy a standard definition. In this vein, the present paper seeks to provide a suitable framework for the primary argument determining the city-region boundary. Indeed, understanding the boundary allows planners to study a precise area, resulting in refining the concept and meticulously planning. Therefore, as applied research, it is aimed to respond to the practical problem in spatial planning by expanding and developing the city-region’s knowledge base. The paper has a mixed-method, using content analysis, the Structural Equation Model techniques, and Hot spot analysis. The results introduce six factors for determining the city-region’s boundary, including economic self-sufficiency, community relation, regional competitiveness, balanced management, services and infrastructure capacities, and the space of flows. The research’s flexible model allows planners to adjust it based on their field of study, inferring that the proposed model is utterly comprehensive; however, having access to different databases, scholars may encounter a challenge to adapt indicators. Accordingly, indicators should be customized based on general ones. In this study, the indicators are customized according to Iran’s data sources, and the output framework is tested on the Tehran region that deals with inefficiencies in urban and regional planning.
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In this editorial we explore how the concept of the city region has evolved and what questions this raises for the role of urban futures, including visioning and foresight. The editorial and special issue highlight the importance ...
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In this editorial we explore how the concept of the city region has evolved and what questions this raises for the role of urban futures, including visioning and foresight. The editorial and special issue highlight the importance of foresight techniques in city-region visioning, how power relations are shaped and transformed by these processes, and how important it is to link city-regional foresight with transitions theory and urban innovation, alongside the climate change and sustainability agendas. This paper also addresses the application of city-region visioning in the Global North/Global South, and what this means for future research.
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This paper reviews the (primarily North American and European) literature for signs of the economic significance of suburbs. It has been common to view suburbs as economically inert. Yet as national economies have continued to gro...
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This paper reviews the (primarily North American and European) literature for signs of the economic significance of suburbs. It has been common to view suburbs as economically inert. Yet as national economies have continued to grow, the bulk of urbanisation and national economic activity has been suburban. If suburbs have been important in quantitative terms to the growth of national economies, it is less clear what if any qualitative contribution suburbs have made to national economies. There is, for example, considerable uncertainty over whether the suburban economy possesses the sorts of agglomeration economies that sustain central cities. Moreover, whilst segments of what have been referred to as the 'creative class' continue to underpin central cities, selective out-migration from cities suggests that yet other segments may be apparent in suburbia and beyond. The inequity of private and social costs and benefits across city-regions is by now quite well appreciated. The fact that 'the nation' is one of the largest net beneficiaries in this inequitable pattern of growth is less appreciated but points to interesting links to be made between the economics literature, on the one hand, and the political economy literature, on the other hand. It is the latter which indicates how the economic vibrancy of outer suburbs has been licensed by nation-state restructuring in both the Fordist and post-Fordist era.
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